Characterization of mobile LiDAR data collected with multiple echoes per pulse from crowns during foliation

Abstract

As a state-of-the-art technology for fine-scale forest investigation, mobile terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR), also referred to as mobile laser scanning (MLS), recently has been increasingly exploited to improve its performance on this task. One potential solution is to apply special MLS systems with the capability of collecting multiple echoes per pulse (multi-echoes, for short) from canopies. The methodologies of this rationale turned out to perform better but still insufficiently for canopy properties retrieval, owing to their common defective premise. That is, the knowledge of the characteristics of MLS scan data comprising multi-echoes, so far, is in shortage, especially when regarding the dynamic process of tree foliation. As a pioneering work for this challenge, this study attempted to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of MLS multi-echoes collected from tree crowns during foliation. Specifically, new stable multi-echoes-related features were deduced under the schematic frame of relative quantification, in both spatial and temporal sense. “Relative” here briefly means the division operation deployed on the attributes of multi-echoes, individually in terms of the number of echoes, echo width and crown volume integrity, between their different return orders. Then, the “relative” schematic was primarily validated for more stably representing crown properties during foliation, based on the real data that was collected by the Sensei MLS system with a maximum of three echoes per pulse. Further, a case of tree species classification was examined using a linear discriminant classifier, and it was testified that the resultant temporal statistical rules of multi-echoes as the reverse clues can enhance the performance of MLS in applications.     

Response of Maize and Cowpea Grown Sequentially to Application of Phosphate Rock in the Humid Tropics

Field trials were conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training Ibadan in 2000 and 2001 cropping seasons to evaluate the efficiency of some phosphorus (P) sources, rates, and frequency of application on grain yields of maize and cowpea grown sequentially. The experiment was laid out in a split–split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design, with three replications. The main plot was frequency of fertilizer application (seasonal and annual). Source of P [single superphosphate (SSP: 18% P₂O₅)]; Ogun rock phosphate (OPR: 20.21% P₂O₅), and crystallizer super (CS: 31.4% P₂O₅) constituted the subplots. The P rates (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg P ha^?1) were the sub-subplots. An early maize cropping followed by a late-season cowpea was the sequential cropping, while an early maize followed by a late-season maize was the continuous cropping. The croppings were repeated the second year. Frequency of P application and source of P were significantly different while rates of application were not. Maize and cowpea grain yields from the control treatment were significantly less than yields from P-treated plots. Maize grain yields were slightly greater in plots alternated with cowpea, compared to continuous maize. Relative agronomic efficiency (RAE) values of OPR and CS were 67% and 75%, respectively, in annual application and 140% and 134% in seasonal applications, respectively, in 2000. In 2001, the trend was almost similar to 2000 except that there was a decline in RAE values of cowpea. Each Naira invested in the annual application returned about ?3.12 while about ?2.13 was returned with the seasonal application (?125.00 is the equivalent of USD$1.00). The OPR and CS can serve as alternatives to water-soluble sources such as SSP.     

Phosphorus Response and Fertilizer Recommendations for Wheat Grown on Nitisols in the Central Ethiopian Highlands

The provision of farmers with proper and balanced fertilizer recommendations is becoming increasingly important, for reasons of crop productivity, food security, and sustainability. Phosphorus (P) response trials with wheat were conducted on Nitisols at 14 sites in the central Ethiopian highlands during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. The treatments, comprising six levels of P fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg P ha^?1), were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Based on a yield difference between the control and the P treatments, 90% of sites responded to P fertilizer. Application of P fertilizer increased wheat grain yield, up to 30% more than the control. Extractable soil P concentrations (Bray 2, 0–15 cm deep) 3 weeks after planting significantly responded to P fertilizer rate. The critical P concentration (for 90% relative yield) was 13.5 mg kg^?1. Most sites tested had Bray 2 P values <10 mg kg^?1. In the absence of a soil test, a recommendation of 40 kg P ha^?1, resulting in the best response overall, could be made for the first year of application. We also recommend that to prevent a potential loss of wheat yield, a maintenance application of at least 5–12 kg P ha^?1 be applied every year, irrespective of the calculated recommended rate, in order to replace P exported from the field in produce. Further field trials are required to determine interactions between P response and the effects of climate, soil properties, and other management practices.     

高效凝胶过滤色谱法测定肽的相对分子量分布

采用高效凝胶过滤色谱法,对肽粉、酵母核苷酸和自溶酵母粉三种肽类产品的相对分子量大小及分布进行了测定。结果表明,此三种产品的相对分子量分布范围集中在2000Da以下,寡肽含量丰富,其中含有一定量的游离氨基酸和氨基酸残基。该方法简便快捷、准确性高、重复性好,适合肽类产品分子量(<1 0KD)分布的分析检测。     

浅谈农业科研仪器设备的有效利用

科研仪器设备是现代农业科学研究的物质基础和技术手段.指出了农业科研仪器设备在管理和使用中存在的问题,提出了提高农业科研仪器设备有效利用的途径.     

水蒸气量变化过程中木质室内装饰材料对环境湿度的调节(英文)

为了弄清楚在水蒸气流入流出过程中木质室内装饰材料对环境湿度的调节规律，定量评价室内装饰材料的环境湿度调节性能，该研究在环境恒定温度为２６ ℃条件下，测定了在水蒸气流入流出过程中木质及非木质材料装饰的试验体内环境湿度的经时变化规律，在此基础上定义了ｘ 和ｙ 两个参数来表征材料对环境湿度的调节性能。研究结果表明：（１） 用ｘ 和ｙ 值能够将各种材料按其调湿性能分成４ 个组别。（２） 木质材料类具有较好的环境湿度调节性能，即这些材料能够缓和室内环境湿度的急骤变化。（３） 木质材料的ｘ 和ｙ 值随气积比 Ａ／ Ｖ 的增大呈曲线下降趋势。（４） 在本实验设定的循环过程中，材料厚度对其调湿性能影响不显著。     

Effect of Soil Moisture on Relative Leaf Water Content, Chlorophyll, Proline and Sugar Accumulation in Wheat

The responses of four wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties to soil moisture were determined by measuring plant parameters such as relative leaf water content (RLWC) and the chlorophyll, proline and sugar contents of the leaf over two seasons. Two levels of irrigation treatments were adopted: irrigated and rainfed. The rainfed plants had consistently higher amounts of proline and sugar but lower RLWC and chlorophyll content. As drought intensified, differences between the irrigated and the rainfed plants with respect to all of these characters increased. The RLWC values of the irrigated plants were significantly higher in the morning but lower values were found at noon, showing some recovery in the afternoon.     

生长阶段及温度对微藻细胞总ATP酶活性的影响

以亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、大溪地球等鞭藻(Isochrysis galbana daxidi)和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)为实验对象,探讨批次培养过程中不同生长阶段及不同温度处理的藻细胞总ATP酶活性.结果表明:三种微藻在不同生长阶段的细胞总ATP...     

基子水分敏感指数的作物水分生态适应性评价

作物与水分的关系受到越来越多的关注.对作物水分生态适应性的科学评价有利于为制定合理的节水灌溉制度、确定适宜的灌水定额、作物布局以及种植结构调整提供依据.评价作物水分生态适应性应体现水分与作物产量的关系,基于这样的考虑.引入作物水分敏感指数(λi)的概念,并将其与作物各生育时期需水量、有效降水量合理地联系起来,计算出作物水分生态适应性度(WEAJ),以此为依据评价了北京地区冬小麦、夏玉米的水分生态适应性.结果表明:冬小麦、夏玉米的水分生态适应度分别为0.374和0.594,夏玉米的水分生态适应性强于冬小麦.评价体系综合反应了作物需水耗水特征、作物生育期内降需水平衡特征及水分与作物产量的关系,方法科学合理,适用于其他地区和作物.     

泵闸结构流场的水力特性

为了提高泵闸工程工作的稳定性和高效性,采用计算流体动力学方法,以设计参数作为控制条件,运用Fluent软件对某泵闸工程进行了数值模拟计算和分析,并对闸门附近的结构进行了优化.结合河道过流特点,建立了断面有效过流面积率和过流均匀度两个表示过流断面水流流态的公式,并以此作为数值模拟优化的目标函数,对泵闸结构进行了优化.通过数值模拟,分析了引、排水工况下的水流及流场分布规律,分析了实际闸门附近的水流动特性和过流情况,分析了内河侧＂S＂形转弯对工程水流的影响.通过整体水工模型试验,对改造后的消能设施进行了论证.结果表明,改造后的内外河最大流速均小于0.6~0.8 m/s,且河道的有效过流面积率和过流均匀度均大于0.75.